Tips For Powder Coating

Powder coating is the youngest of the surface finishing techniques that is still in use today. It was first used in 1967 in Australia by Allan Davies.
Powder coating is the simple technique of applying dry paint to a part such as metal or plastic, and after the final coating is the same as a finished 2-coat wet paint job. Powder coating can be applied in two ways; either by lowering an item into a bed of powder which may or may not be electrically charged, or the powder paint is electrically charged and sprayed onto the part. After being coating with dry paint, the part is placed in an oven and the powder particles melt and combine to form a permanent layer of paint.
There are two main types of powder available to use, either the thermoplastic powder which re-melt when heated, and thermosetting powders that will not re-melt when heatedpowder metal. This is because during the initial heating process a chemical cross-linking reaction is triggered so that the bonds cannot be broken.
The foundation of any high-quality coating job is preparation. Most powder coating failures are linked to a poor preparation process. It is important to know that the preparation treatment is different for different materials.
For all applications the preparation treatment for aluminum is to clean, rinse, etch, chromate, rinse and denim rinse. Oils and greases can be removed by weak alkali or neutral detergent solutions and the surface is etched to remove heavy oxides. After rinsingsintered metal, the aluminum is dipped into a chromate or phosphate solution to form a adaptation coating. After rinsing the aluminum it is rinsed in de-mineralized water which gets rid of chemical salts on the aluminums surface. This process has two functions which include giving the aluminum a surface which is better for adhesion and protects the aluminum from under the paint corrosion.
If you are preparing a steel part, the steps you take to prepare your part are as follows: clean, rinse, etch, rinse, grain refine, zinc phosphate, rinse and acidulated rinse. The grain refiner is used after acid cleaning of steel surfaces and before zinc phosphate, because otherwise the zinc phosphate coatings produced will be very coarse and have a low adhesion ability. The etch is required to remove the zinc corrosion products which begin to form almost immediately the zinc is removed from the galvanizing kettle. The grain refiner ensures a fine phosphate is produced.

團體服-馬來西亞:走親戚 參加制服團體

年底的總考試結束後，馬來團體服西亞的中小學生將迎來7周左右的長假。和中國學生一樣，馬來西亞的學生也有假期作業要完成。馬來西亞的華文教育是由政府出資的，在華文學校，假期裏練習正楷字就是不少學生的作業。

在馬來西亞，長假期間的補習班非常少，家長也很少讓孩子參加補習或者特長班。走親戚，參加制服團體是馬來西亞學生度過假期的常見方式。一到放假，孩子們就被送往親戚家住，常常是大舅家住幾天，二舅家住幾天，一個假期團體制服下來，表兄妹之間的感情更加融洽。

參加制服團體是能夠影響馬來西亞學生升學和就業的假期活動。制服團體包括童子軍、少年警察、少年軍等等，男生和女生都能參加，並且是自願參加，學習爬山、 野外生存、急救等技能。制服團體在馬來西亞是非常重要的組織，如果你的成績不是很好，可以通過完成制服團體規定的技能考試來給自己加分，如果在制服團體中 表現優秀，很多大學都會搶著要。所以，在馬來西亞，參加制服團體的學生數量衆多，但它不是讓你短時間內完成所有考核，而是從升入初中開始，一直持續好幾 年，每個假期考核一到兩項。所以，馬來西亞學生的急救知識儲備、自理能力、野外生存能力都比較強。

雞血石-壽山石人物圓雕的藝術魅力

　　圓雕作爲壽山石作爲傳統的雕刻雞血石技法之一，因其表現題材豐富，廣泛地應用于不同的石材雕刻中，一直是壽山石雕作品中最爲常見的雕刻樣式。經典的壽山石圓雕作品，常常能夠准確而細膩地表現出雕刻主題，並且意蘊深厚，值得細細品味。除了在壽山石章上出現的扭頭圓雕之外，單獨的圓雕擺件因其形制更大、細節更爲精致，更能夠讓我們感受到圓雕作品的獨特魅力，其中以人物圓雕尤甚。

　　首先，在相石構思上，圓雕人物注荔枝凍重“依形就勢”、“因色取 巧”，講求根據石材本身的形狀與顔色進行構思與布局，尤其注重對于壽山石天然巧色的運用，講求讓巧色起到畫龍點睛、錦上添花的作用。譬如程由軍所創作的這 一組圓雕羅漢人物，就鮮明地展示出圓雕作品因色取巧的魅力所在。尤其是其中的芙蓉晶石醉羅漢，石材色澤紅白相間，那一抹嬌紅尤爲豔麗，古時有名品“醉芙 蓉”之稱，這枚芙蓉也不遑多讓，同樣令人迷醉。但紅白二色相互交錯，如何進行“因色取巧”的構思顯得更加具有難度。作者巧妙布局，將其雕刻爲一位身披袈裟 的醉酒羅漢，以紅色部分雕刻羅漢的面部和露出袈裟的手背，以此來表現羅漢飲酒之後酡紅的膚色與微醺的醉態，至于白色部分，作者則將其雕刻爲隨意披在羅漢身 上的袈裟衲衣，整件作品極富情致，頗見功力。

　　其次，在雕刻過程中，圓雕人物非常注重詳略得當、簡繁結合的布局觀念，以使人們在觀賞時能夠獲得材質質感與傳神雕刻的審美享受。在很多作品當中，作者 都對人物的面部刻畫極爲細膩，尤其是彌勒、劉海戲蟾等題材的作品，讓人觀之便可感受到人物開朗親和的性格。而與此形成鮮明對比的是他們的穿著，均以舒展寫 意的線條和揮灑自如的褶皺來表現衣袍的寬大，以此概括並突出誇張的形體，同時又可用的大塊面體現材質之美感，人爲之美與自然之美可謂相得益彰。

　　值得注意的是，以圓雕技法施于壽山石，總的原田黃則便是“依石造 型”。尤其傳統的雕刻理念，更是將其作爲最爲重要的准則之一。很多雕刻家往往在觀察壽山石本身的形態與構思主題形象上投入大量的時間與精力，借壽山石天然 的形態、紋理以及色彩來確定所雕刻的人物或動物的姿態，從而使得從下刀起直到作品磨光完工的耗材盡量降至最低。與此同時，又必須保證作品的藝術美感，將二 者完美平衡。因此，圓雕人物作品極爲考驗壽山石雕刻創作者的藝術水准與技法功底。